AP Statistics Curriculum 2007 Contingency Fit

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General Advance-Placement (AP) Statistics Curriculum - Multinomial Experiments: Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit

The chi-square test is used to test if a data sample comes from a population with a specific characteristics. The chi-square goodness-of-fit test is applied to binned data (data put into classes or categoris). In most situations, the data histogram or frequency histogram may be obtained and the chi-square test may be applied to these (frequency) values. The chi-square test requires a sufficient sample size in order for the chi-square approximation to be valid.

The Kolmogorov-Smirnov is an alternative to the Chi-square goodness-of-fit test. The chi-square goodness-of-fit test may also be applied to discrete distributions such as the binomial and the Poisson. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test is restricted to continuous distributions.

Motivational example

Mendel's pea experiment relates to the transmission of hereditary characteristics from parent organisms to their offspring; it underlies much of genetics. Suppose a tall offspring is the event of interest and that the true proportion of tall peas (based on a 3:1 phenotypic ratio) is 3/4 or p = 0.75. He would like to show that Mendel's data follow this 3:1 phenotypic ratio.

Observed (O) Expected (E)
Tall 787 798
Dwarf 277 266

Calculations

Suppose there were N = 1064 data measurements with Observed(Tall) = 787 and Observed(Dwarf) = 277. These are the O’s (observed values). To calculate the E’s (expected values), we will take the hypothesized proportions under Ho and multiply them by the total sample size N. Expected(Tall) = (0.75)(1064) = 798 and Expected(Dwarf) = (0.25)(1064) = 266 Quickly check to see if the expected total = N = 1064.

  • The hypotheses:
Ho:P(tall) = 0.75 (No effect, follows a 3:1phenotypic ratio)
P(dwarf) = 0.25
Ha: P(tall) ≠ 0.75
P(dwarf) ≠ 0.25



References

  • TBD



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