# AP Statistics Curriculum 2007 Hypothesis L Mean

(Difference between revisions)
 Revision as of 19:25, 6 February 2008 (view source)IvoDinov (Talk | contribs)← Older edit Revision as of 19:31, 6 February 2008 (view source)IvoDinov (Talk | contribs) (→Example)Newer edit → Line 44: Line 44: : $P(T_{(df=29)}>T_o=-1.733)=0.047$, thus : $P(T_{(df=29)}>T_o=-1.733)=0.047$, thus : the $p-value=2\times 0.047= 0.094$ for this (double-sided) test. Therefore, we '''can not reject''' the null hypothesis at $\alpha=0.05$! : the $p-value=2\times 0.047= 0.094$ for this (double-sided) test. Therefore, we '''can not reject''' the null hypothesis at $\alpha=0.05$! +
[[Image:SOCR_EBook_Dinov_Hypothesis_020508_Fig3.jpg|600px]]
- * You can see use the [ SOCR Analyses (One-Sample T-Test)] to carry out these calculations as shown in the figure below. + * You can see use the [http://socr.ucla.edu/htmls/SOCR_Analyses.html SOCR Analyses (One-Sample T-Test)] to carry out these calculations as shown in the figure below.
[[Image:SOCR_EBook_Dinov_Hypothesis_020508_Fig2.jpg|600px]]
[[Image:SOCR_EBook_Dinov_Hypothesis_020508_Fig2.jpg|600px]]

## General Advance-Placement (AP) Statistics Curriculum - Testing a Claim about a Mean: Large Samples

We already saw how to construct point and interval estimates for the population mean in the large sample case. Now, we show how to do hypothesis testing about the mean for large sample-sizes.

### Background

• Recall that for a random sample {$X_1, X_2, X_3, \cdots , X_n$} of the process, the population mean may be estimated by the sample average, $\overline{X_n}={1\over n}\sum_{i=1}^n{X_i}$.
• For a given small α (e.g., 0.1, 0.05, 0.025, 0.01, 0.001, etc.), the (1 − α)100% Confidence interval for the mean is constructed by
$CI(\alpha): \overline{x} \pm z_{\alpha\over 2} E,$
where the margin of error E is defined as
$E = \begin{cases}{\sigma\over\sqrt{n}},& \texttt{for-known}-\sigma,\\ {{1\over \sqrt{n}} \sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^n{(x_i-\overline{x})^2\over n-1}}},& \texttt{for-unknown}-\sigma.\end{cases}$
and $z_{\alpha\over 2}$ is the critical value for a Standard Normal distribution at ${\alpha\over 2}$.

### Hypothesis Testing about a Mean: Large Samples

• Null Hypothesis: Ho:μ = μo (e.g., 0)
• Alternative Research Hypotheses:
• One sided (uni-directional): H1:μ > μo, or Ho:μ < μo
• Double sided: $H_1: \mu \not= \mu_o$

#### Known Variance

$Z_o = {\overline{x} - \mu_o \over \sigma} \sim N(0,1)$.

#### Unknown Variance

$T_o = {\overline{x} - \mu_o \over SE(\overline{x})} = {\overline{x} - \mu_o \over {{1\over \sqrt{n}} \sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^n{(x_i-\overline{x})^2\over n-1}}})} \sim N(0,1)$.

### Example

Let's revisit the number of sentences per advertisement example, where we measure of readability for magazine advertisements. A random sample of the number of sentences found in 30 magazine advertisements is listed below. Suppose we want to test at α = 0.05 a null hypothesis: Ho:μ = 20 against a double-sided research alternative hypothesis: $H_1: \mu \not= 20$.

 16 9 14 11 17 12 99 18 13 12 5 9 17 6 11 17 18 20 6 14 7 11 12 5 18 6 4 13 11 12
$\overline{x}=\hat{\mu}=14.77$
$s=\hat{\sigma}=16.54$

As the population variance is not given, we have to use the T-statistics: $T_o = {\overline{x} - \mu_o \over SE(\overline{x})} \sim T(df=29)$

$T_o = {\overline{x} - \mu_o \over SE(\overline{x})} = {14.77 - 20 \over {{1\over \sqrt{30}} \sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^{30}{(x_i-14.77)^2\over 29}}})}=-1.733$.
P(T(df = 29) > To = − 1.733) = 0.047, thus
the $p-value=2\times 0.047= 0.094$ for this (double-sided) test. Therefore, we can not reject the null hypothesis at α = 0.05!

### Examples

#### Cavendish Mean Density of the Earth

A number of famous early experiments of measuring physical constants have later been shown to be biased. in the 1700's Henry Cavendish measured the Mean density of the Earth. Formulate and test null and research hypotheses about these data regarding the now know exact mean-density value = 5.517. These sample statistics may be helpful

n = 23, sample mean = 5.483, sample SD = 0.1904
 5.36 5.29 5.58 5.65 5.57 5.53 5.62 5.29 5.44 5.34 5.79 5.1 5.27 5.39 5.42 5.47 5.63 5.34 5.46 5.3 5.75 5.68 5.85

### Hypothesis Testing Summary

Important parts of Hypothesis test conclusions:

• Decision (significance or no significance)
• Parameter of interest
• Variable of interest
• Population under study
• (optional but preferred) P-value

### Parallels between Hypothesis Testing and Confidence Intervals

These are different methods for coping with the uncertainty about the true value of a parameter caused by the sampling variation in estimates.

• Confidence intervals: A fixed level of confidence is chosen. We determine a range of possible values for the parameter that are consistent with the data (at the chosen confidence level).
• Hypothesis (Significance) testing: Only one possible value for the parameter, called the hypothesized value, is tested. We determine the strength of the evidence (confidence) provided by the data against the proposition that the hypothesized value is the true value.