# AP Statistics Curriculum 2007 NonParam 2PropIndep

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## General Advance-Placement (AP) Statistics Curriculum - Two-Samples Difference of Proportions

### Differences of Proportions of Two Independent Samples

If the samples are independent and we are interested in the differences in the proportions of subjects of the same trait (a characteristic of each observation, e.g., gender) we need to use the standard proportion tests

For small sample-sizes, we use corrected-proportions ($\tilde{p}$) that we saw in the independent sample tests for proportions section.
For large samples, we can use the raw-sample proportion ($\hat{p}$) as in the independent sample tests for proportions section.

### Differences of Proportions of Two Paired-Samples

If the samples are paired, then we can employ the McNemar's non-parametric test for differences in proportions in matched pair samples. It is most often used when the observed variable is a dichotomous variable (presence or absence of a trait/characteristic for each observation).

### Example

Suppose a medical doctor is interested in determining the effect of a drug on a particular disease (D). Suppose the doctor conducts a study and records the frequencies of incidence of the disease (D + and D) in a random population before the treatment with the new drug takes place. Then the doctor prescribes the treatment to all subjects and records the incidence of the disease in the rows following the treatment. The test requires the same subjects to be included in the before- and after-treatment measurements (matched pairs).

 Before Treatment D + D − Total Before Treatment D + a=101 b=59 a+b=160 D − c=121 d=33 c+d=154 Total a+c=222 b+d=92 a+b+c+d=314

Marginal homogeneity occurs when the row totals are equal to the column totals, a and d in each equation can be cancelled; leaving b equal to c:

$a+b = a+c \,$
$c+d = b+d\,$

In this example, marginal homogeneity would mean there was no effect of the treatment.

• The McNemar statistic is shown below:
$\chi_o^2 = {(b-c)^2 \over b+c} \sim \chi_{(df=1)}^2$

The marginal frequencies are not homogeneous if the χ2 result is significant p < 0.05. If b and/or c are small (b + c < 20) then χ2 is not approximated by the Chi-square distribution and a sign test should instead be used.

An interesting observation when interpreting McNemar's test is that the elements of the main diagonal contribute no information whatsoever to the decision if (in the above example) pre- or post-treatment condition is more favorable.