AP Statistics Curriculum 2007 Normal Std

From Socr

(Difference between revisions)
Jump to: navigation, search
(Standard Normal Distribution: update the figure to reflex the typo correction of Std Normal density function)
m (Standard Normal Distribution)
Line 7: Line 7:
Note that the following exact ''areas'' are bound between the Standard Normal Density Function and the x-axis on these symmetric intervals around the origin:  
Note that the following exact ''areas'' are bound between the Standard Normal Density Function and the x-axis on these symmetric intervals around the origin:  
-
* The area: -1 < x < 1 = 0.8413 - 0.1587 = 0.6826
+
* The area: -1.0 < x < 1.0 = 0.8413 - 0.1587 = 0.6826
* The area: -2.0 < x < 2.0 = 0.9772 - 0.0228 = 0.9544   
* The area: -2.0 < x < 2.0 = 0.9772 - 0.0228 = 0.9544   
* The area: -3.0 < x < 3.0 = 0.9987 - 0.0013 = 0.9974  
* The area: -3.0 < x < 3.0 = 0.9987 - 0.0013 = 0.9974  

Revision as of 18:35, 18 May 2009

Contents

General Advance-Placement (AP) Statistics Curriculum - Standard Normal Variables and Experiments

Standard Normal Distribution

The Standard Normal Distribution is a continuous distribution with the following density:

  • Standard Normal density function f(x)= {e^{-x^2 \over 2} \over \sqrt{2 \pi}}.
  • Standard Normal cumulative distribution function \Phi(y)= \int_{-\infty}^{y}{{e^{-x^2 \over 2} \over \sqrt{2 \pi}} dx}.

Note that the following exact areas are bound between the Standard Normal Density Function and the x-axis on these symmetric intervals around the origin:

  • The area: -1.0 < x < 1.0 = 0.8413 - 0.1587 = 0.6826
  • The area: -2.0 < x < 2.0 = 0.9772 - 0.0228 = 0.9544
  • The area: -3.0 < x < 3.0 = 0.9987 - 0.0013 = 0.9974
  • Note that the inflection points (f''(x) = 0)of the Standard Normal density function are \pm 1.
  • The Standard Normal distribution is also a special case of the more general normal distribution where the mean is set to zero and a variance to one. The Standard Normal distribution is often called the bell curve because the graph of its probability density resembles a bell.

Experiments

Suppose we decide to test the state of 100 used batteries. To do that, we connect each battery to a volt-meter by randomly attaching the positive (+) and negative (-) battery terminals to the corresponding volt-meter's connections. Electrical current always flows from + to -, i.e., the current goes in the direction of the voltage drop. Depending upon which way the battery is connected to the volt-meter we can observe positive or negative voltage recordings (voltage is just a difference, which forces current to flow from higher to the lower voltage.) Denote Xi={measured voltage for battery i} - this is random variable with mean of 0 and unitary variance. Assume the distribution of all Xi is Standard Normal, X_i \sim N(0,1). Use the Normal Distribution (with mean=0 and variance=1) in the SOCR Distribution applet to address the following questions. This Distributions help-page may be useful in understanding SOCR Distribution Applet. How many batteries, from the sample of 100, can we expect to have?

  • Absolute Voltage > 1? P(X>1) = 0.1586, thus we expect 15-16 batteries to have voltage exceeding 1.
  • |Absolute Voltage| > 1? P(|X|>1) = 1- 0.682689=0.3173, thus we expect 31-32 batteries to have absolute voltage exceeding 1.
  • Voltage < -2? P(X<-2) = 0.0227, thus we expect 2-3 batteries to have voltage less than -2.
  • Voltage <= -2? P(X<=-2) = 0.0227, thus we expect 2-3 batteries to have voltage less than or equal to -2.
  • -1.7537 < Voltage < 0.8465? P(-1.7537 < X < 0.8465) = 0.761622, thus we expect 76 batteries to have voltage in this range.

References




Translate this page:

(default)

Deutsch

Español

Français

Italiano

Português

日本語

България

الامارات العربية المتحدة

Suomi

इस भाषा में

Norge

한국어

中文

繁体中文

Русский

Nederlands

Ελληνικά

Hrvatska

Česká republika

Danmark

Polska

România

Sverige

Personal tools